{"id":778,"date":"2008-09-18T13:26:25","date_gmt":"2008-09-18T05:26:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pylin.kaishao.idv.tw\/?p=778"},"modified":"2008-09-20T08:28:24","modified_gmt":"2008-09-20T00:28:24","slug":"%e6%b0%b4%e8%bb%8a%e6%8a%80%e8%a1%93%e5%8f%b2the-technical-history-of-water-wheelwater-turbine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pylin.kaishao.idv.tw\/?p=778","title":{"rendered":"\u6c34\u8eca\u6280\u8853\u53f2The Technical History of Water Wheel(Water Turbine)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/pylin.kaishao.idv.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/09\/waterwheel02.JPG\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pylin.kaishao.idv.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/09\/waterwheel02.JPG\" alt=\"waterwheel02.JPG\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"10\" width=\"600\" hspace=\"10\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u4eca\u5e743\u6708\u524d\u5f80\u4e0a\u8c37\u95dc\u8fa6\u516c\u5ba4\u53bb\u770b\u300e\u5927\u7532\u6eaa\u767c\u96fb\u5ee0\u8c37\u95dc\u5206\u5ee0\u5fa9\u5efa\u5de5\u7a0b\u7b2cII\u6a19\u96fb\u5ee0\u767c\u96fb\u8a2d\u5099\u53ca\u9644\u5c6c\u8a2d\u5099\u5de5\u7a0b\u300f\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u5e7e\u5e74\u4f86\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u7b49\u5f85\u7684\u9032\u5ea6\uff0c\u9054\u5230\u53ef\u4ee5\u300c\u7c89\u611b\u62b9\u4e4e\u597d \u7532\u4e4e\u4eba\u770b\u300d\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u6e96\u5099\u53c3\u52a0\u4eca\u5e74\u516c\u5171\u5de5\u7a0b\u91d1\u8cea\u734e\u7af6\u9010\u3002\u9019\u5de5\u7a0b\u547d\u904b\u574e\u5777\uff0c921\u5927\u5730\u9707\u9020\u6210\u5730\u7406\u74b0\u5883\u7834\u58de\uff0c\u7dca\u63a5\u8457\u98b1\u98a8\u6d2a\u6c34\u7684\u8086\u8650\uff0c\u5ee0\u623f\u9032\u6c34\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u518d\u767c\u96fb\u3002\u5728\u539f\u5740\u5b89\u88dd\u6c34\u8eca\u6bcf\u90e855,300kW\u51714\u90e8\uff0c\u8207\u539f\u5b89\u88dd\u6c34\u8eca\u6bcf\u90e845,000kW\u51714\u90e8\uff0c\u5728\u6c34\u982d\u4e0d\u8b8a\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c4\u90e8\u6a5f\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u88dd\u7f6e\u5bb9\u91cf\u76f8\u7576\u53ef\u89c0\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u589e\u52a0\u820a\u6a5f\u7d441\u90e8\u6a5f\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u6211\u60f3\u628a\u5f88\u4e45\u4ee5\u524d\u95b1\u8b80Norman Smith \u201cThe Origins of the Water Turbine\u201d Scientific American 242 (January 1980): 138-48.\u7684\u6c34\u8eca\u6280\u8853\u53f2\u91cd\u8b80\u4e00\u6b21\u3002<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/pylin.kaishao.idv.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/09\/waterwheel01.JPG\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pylin.kaishao.idv.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/09\/waterwheel01.JPG\" alt=\"waterwheel01.JPG\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"10\" width=\"700\" hspace=\"10\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u65b0\u820a\u6c34\u8eca\u6bd4\u8f03<\/p>\n<table border=\"2\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"79\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"168\">\u4e09\u83f1\uff08\u820a\uff09Francis\u6c34\u8eca<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"112\">\u4e09\u83f1\u767c\u96fb\u6a5f<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"200\">\u65e5\u7acb\uff08\u65b0\uff09Francis\u6c34\u8eca<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"98\">\u4e09\u83f1\u767c\u96fb\u6a5f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"79\">\u6c34\u982dm<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"168\">173.3~182<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"112\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"200\">172.7<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"98\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"79\">\u6d41\u91cfcms<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"168\">33.4~34.1<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"112\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"200\">34.5<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"98\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"79\">\u8f38\u51fa<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"168\">53000kW\u00d74<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"112\">50000 kVA\u00d74<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"200\">55300 kW\u00d74<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"98\">69600kVA\u00d74<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"79\">\u88fd\u9020\u5e74\u6708<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"168\">1959\/12~1965\/2<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"112\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"200\">2004\/7~2005\/2<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"98\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/pylin.kaishao.idv.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/09\/waterwheel00.JPG\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pylin.kaishao.idv.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/09\/waterwheel00.JPG\" alt=\"waterwheel00.JPG\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"10\" width=\"700\" hspace=\"10\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u65e5\u7acb\uff08\u65b0\uff09Francis\u6c34\u8eca\u6548\u7387\u4fdd\u8b4995.26%\uff081960\u6c34\u8eca\u6548\u7387\u7d0493%\uff09\uff0c\u4e09\u83f1\u767c\u96fb\u6a5f\u6548\u7387\u4fdd\u8b4998.35%\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6d41\u91cf\u6709\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u7d55\u7de3\u597d\uff0c\u640d\u5931\u6e1b\u5c0f\uff0c\u52d5\u8f2a\u66f2\u7dda\u4e0d\u540c\u7b49\u6280\u8853\u9032\u6b65\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u8b93\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u52d5\u80fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u51fa\u8f03\u591a\u7684\u96fb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6c34\u8eca\uff08\u6c34\u8f2a\u6a5fwater turbine\uff09\u7c21\u53f2<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/pylin.kaishao.idv.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/09\/water-wheel02.JPG\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pylin.kaishao.idv.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/09\/water-wheel02.JPG\" alt=\"water-wheel02.JPG\" align=\"right\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"10\" width=\"400\" hspace=\"10\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Marcus Vitruvius Pollio\u7684\u300aDe Architectura\u300b\uff08\u300a\u5efa\u7bc9\u5341\u66f8\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u751f\u65bc80\u201370 BC\uff0c\u6b7b\u65bc15 BC\uff0c\u662f\u53e4\u7f85\u99ac\u7684\u4f5c\u5bb6\u3001\u5efa\u7bc9\u5e2b\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e2b\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u66f8\u4e2d\u70ba\u5efa\u7bc9\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e86\u4e09\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u6a19\u6e96\uff1a\u6301\u4e45\u3001\u6709\u7528\u3001\u7f8e\u89c0\u3002\u300a\u5efa\u7bc9\u5341\u66f8\u300b\u57281414\u5e74\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u767c\u73fe\uff0c1486\u5e74\u5728\u7f85\u99ac\u91cd\u65b0\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u88ab\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u8a9e\u3001\u6cd5\u8a9e\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u3001\u5fb7\u8a9e\u548c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8a9e\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u5f88\u5feb\u6210\u70ba\u6587\u85dd\u5fa9\u8208\u6642\u671f\u3001\u5df4\u6d1b\u514b\u6642\u671f\u548c\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6642\u671f\u5efa\u7bc9\u754c\u7684\u7d93\u5178\u3002\u300a\u5efa\u7bc9\u5341\u66f8\u300b\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u57ce\u5e02\u898f\u5283\u3001\u5efa\u7bc9\u6982\u8ad6\u3001\u5efa\u7bc9\u6750\u6599\u3001\u795e\u5edf\u69cb\u9020\u3001\u5e0c\u81d8\u67f1\u5f0f\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u3001\u516c\u5171\u5efa\u7bc9\uff08\u6d74\u5ba4\u3001\u5287\u5834\uff09\u3001\u79c1\u5bb6\u5efa\u7bc9\u3001\u5730\u576a\u8207\u98fe\u9762\u3001\u6c34\u529b\u5b78\u3001\u8a08\u6642\u3001\u6e2c\u91cf\u3001\u5929\u6587\u3001\u571f\u6728\u3001\u8ecd\u4e8b\u6a5f\u68b0\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/pylin.kaishao.idv.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/09\/water-wheel04.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"water-wheel04.JPG\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pylin.kaishao.idv.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/09\/water-wheel04.JPG\" alt=\"water-wheel04.JPG\" align=\"left\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"10\" width=\"400\" hspace=\"10\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u5efa\u7bc9\u5341\u66f8\u300b\u76842005\u5e74\u82f1\u6587\u7248301~303\u6709\u5f88\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u6c34\u8eca\u63d2\u756b\uff0c301\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u628a\u6c34\u9001\u5f80\u9ad8\u8655\u4e4b\u6a5f\u68b0\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u7cbe\u5f69\u3002\u53f0\u8a9e\u7a31\u70ba\u6c34\u9f8d\u8eca\uff0c\u7c21\u7a31\u6c34\u8eca\u3002302\u6c34\u7b52\u934a\uff1a\u7528\u4f86\u5c07\u4e95\u5167\u6216\u6c34\u6c60\u7684\u6c34\u904b\u9001\u9ad8\u8655\u3002303\u6c34\u8eca\u7a31\u70baVitruvian wheel\uff08\u4ee5\u4f5c\u8005\u547d\u540d\uff09\u3002\u662f\u7522\u751f\u8f49\u8b8a\u52d5\u614b\u7684\u6a5f\u68b0\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6c34\u8eca\u662f\u5f8c\u4f86\u767c\u5c55\u6210\u6c34\u529b\u767c\u96fb\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u578b\u3002\u5b83\u67093\u7a2e\u57fa\u672c\u578b\uff1aOvershot\uff08\u4e0a\u639b\u5f0f\u6c34\u8eca\uff09\u3001Breast-shot\uff08\u80f8\u639b\u5f0f\u6c34\u8eca\uff09\u3001\uff08\u4e0b\u639b\u5f0f\u6c34\u8eca\uff09\u3002\u6548\u738715%\u3002 undershot<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u500b\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u6587\u6587\u672c\u7684\u66f8\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6c34\u8eca\u5728\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u7522\u751f\u8fb2\u696d\u9769\u547d \u3002<\/p>\n<p>J\u00e1n Andrej Segner (1704 \u20131777) \u662fCarpatho-German(\u5728\u585e\u723e\u7dad\u4e9e\u8aaa\u5fb7\u8a9e\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u54e5\u5ef7\u6839\u5927\u5b78\u6559\u6388)\u572818\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u6c34\u8eca\uff08\u6c34\u8f2a\u6a5fwater turbine\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u904b\u7528\u4e86Euler(1707~83)\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u505a\u6c34\u8eca\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Bernard Forest de Belidor\uff081693~1761\uff09\u57281737~1753\u51fa\u7248\u4e864\u5377Architecture hydraulique\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728Bazacle\u7684Garonne\u6cb3\u5efa\u9020\u4e86Belidor\u6c34\u8eca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u57281820\u5e74\uff0c Jean-Victor Poncelet\uff081788~1867\uff09\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u5916\u5411\u5f0f\u6c34\u8eca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1822\u5e74\u6cd5\u570b\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e2b Claude Bourdin \u9001\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7d66\u6cd5\u570b\u79d1\u5b78\u9662the Academy of Science \u6587\u7ae0\u201dDes turbines hydrauliques ou machiners rotatoires \u00e0 grande vitesse\u201d \uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u300cturbine\u300d\u9019\u5b57\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u62c9\u4e01\u5b57\u300cturbo\u300d\u610f\u601d\u662f\u65cb\u8f49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1824\u5e74\u5b78\u6703\u767c\u8868\u6b64\u6587\u7ae0\u30021826 Societe d\u2019Encouragement pour l\u2019Industrie Nationale (\u5275\u7acb\u65bc1802\u5e74)\u4f53\u8a8d\u5230\u6cd5\u570b\u5de5\u696d\u7684\u843d\u5f8c\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa6000\u6cd5\u90ce\u734e\u91d1\uff0c\u4ee5\u734e\u52f5\u80fd\u88fd\u4f5c\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u5de5\u5ee0\u904b\u4f5c\u80fd\u6eff\u610f\u7684\uff0c\u5927\u578b\u6709\u66f2\u7dda\u578b\u8449\u7247\u7684Belidor\u6c34\u8eca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1827 Bourdin\u4f01\u5716\u53bb\u8d0f\u5f97\u90a36000\u6cd5\u90ce\u734e\u91d1\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u5f97\u52302000\u6cd5\u90ce\u734e\u91d1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1826 Beno\u00eet Fourneyron\uff081802~1873\uff09\u4ed6\u662fBourdin\u5b78\u751f\uff0c\u5728Ognon\u6cb3\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u5916\u5411\u5f0f\u6c34\u8eca\u3002\u6548\u738780\uff05\u7684\u6a5f\u5668\u30021833\u5e74\u4ed6\u5f97\u5230Societe d\u2019Encouragement pour l\u2019Industrie Nationale\u76846000\u6cd5\u90ce\u734e\u91d1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1844 \u4f4f\u6ce2\u58eb\u9813Uriah A. Boyden(1804~79)\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u5916\u5411\u5f0f\u6c34\u8eca\uff0c\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b78\u8a2d\u7acb\u5be6\u9a57\u7ad9\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u9077\u53bb\u5357\u975e\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6a5f\u5668\u985e\u4f3cFrancis\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1849 James Bicheno Francis(1815~1892)\u6539\u5584\u5916\u5411\u5f0f\u6c34\u8eca\uff0c\u6548\u7387\u8d85\u904e90\uff05\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u9084\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u7cbe\u5bc6\u7684\u6e2c\u8a66\u548c\u767c\u5c55\u5de5\u7a0b\u65b9\u6cd5\u70ba\u6c34\u8eca\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u4ee5\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u547d\u540d\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u6c34\u8eca\u3002\u53f0\u7063\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u4f54\u6709\u7387\u7b2c\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1879 Lester Pelton (1829-1908)\u958b\u767c\u4e86\u96d9\u6876\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u6d88\u6e1b\u4e00\u4e9b\u80fd\u91cf\u640d\u5931\u7684\u885d\u52d5\u6c34\u8eca\u3002\u5927\u7d041895 Doble\u5728Pelton\u7684\u4e00\u534a\u5713\u6876\u5f62\u5f0f\u6539\u5584\u4e86\u5674\u5634\u8207\u6c34\u67f1\u885d\u64ca\u6876\uff08\u53cd\u5c04\uff09\u3002\u76ee\u524dPelton\u6c34\u8eca\u9054\u5230 92%\u6548\u7387\u3002\u96d6\u7136Doble\u63a5\u6536\u4e86Pelton\u516c\u53f8\u4ed6\u6c92\u6709\u66f4\u6539\u540d\u5b57\u70baDoble\uff0c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u4f7f\u7528Pelton\u6c34\u8eca\u54c1\u724c\u3002Pelton\u6c34\u8eca\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\u662f\u5916\u89c0\u6709\u4e00\u96bb\u69cd\u3002\u65e5\u6708\u6f6d\u7b2c\u4e00\u6c34\u529b\u767c\u96fb\u62405\u90e8\u6a5f\u4f7f\u7528Pelton\u6c34\u8eca\uff0c\u5982\u5beb\u771f\u6240\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/pylin.kaishao.idv.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/09\/pelton001.JPG\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pylin.kaishao.idv.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/09\/pelton001.JPG\" alt=\"pelton001.JPG\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"10\" width=\"700\" hspace=\"10\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>1913 Victor Kaplan\u5275\u9020\u4e86Kaplan\u6c34\u8eca\uff0c\u5b83\u662fFrancis\u6c34\u8eca\u7684\u6f14\u8b8a\uff0c\u7528\u65bc\u4f4e\u6c34\u982d\u6c34\u529b\u767c\u96fb\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/pylin.kaishao.idv.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/09\/05-001.JPG\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/pylin.kaishao.idv.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/09\/05-001.JPG\" alt=\"05-001.JPG\" align=\"left\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"10\" width=\"350\" hspace=\"10\" 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